Summary (Precis) writing

Summary (Precis) writing:

Summary is a shortened form of a passage written in own words.

Tips of Summary/ Precis Writing:


· Read the given passage carefully to understand it.
· Skim the text and find the main points.
· Number of words in Summary should of 1/3 of the actual paragraph.
· Don't waste your time in counting words, instead count lines.
· Don't change the central idea of paragraph.
· Summarize main points in your own language using proper vocabulary & grammar.
· Give a suitable title means a short statement.
· Your Summary should be completed in one paragraph only.





1. Write a summary of the given passage. Suggest a suitable title.

These are two considerations which deserve at least a word in any discussion of the future of the Indian theatre. The first is the rapid development of the cinema as a competitive for prophesied favor. At first, in the early flush of cinematic triumph people—some of whom might have been expected to, know better—prophesies the extinction of the theatre. It is now clear that though here and there, temporarily, the theatre may be affected, the cinema cannot hope to replace the stage and elbow it out of existence. Experience in the West has shown that the stage will always be required as a federal studio.

For the technique is different and great stage actors have, always, to their disgust, discovered that film acting is at least only second best to them; it cannot mean to them what the stage means. Something is lacking in the human touch. In the theatre heart responds to heart and mind acts on mind in a way unknown to the cinema. Thus there is no danger of extinction to the theatre. On the other hand, the rivalry of the screen ought to and will put theatre to a new test and give it a new stimulus that may well lead to still higher planes of artistic achievement. Finally, a word about a national language spoken, written and thought might do for the theatre in India.

With the new awakening in social life the need of a common tongue is being increasingly felt. Much work is being done to bring out a common linguistic medium. The day when, it is accepted will be a great day for the Indian theatre, as it will be for all art in the country. But the theatre, because its life blood is spoken word, will gain most. With a common tongue, with a live national consciousness, the theatre will become to its own as definite instrument of national unity reflecting the national mind, interpreting the national heart and dreaming national dreams for the future.



Importance of Indian Theatre

Two things are to be considered when we think of the future of the Indian theatre. The first is the rivalry of cinema. At one time it was thought that the cinema might oust theatre. But now it is admired that the stage must always be there as a feeder for the studio. Besides the great stage actors do not like the inhuman techniques adopted by the cinema. On the other hand, its challenge might make the theatre rise even to greater heights. Secondly, the adoption of a language may do much for the Indian theatre. Such a language is being formed. When adopted, it will enable the stage to keep the cause of national unity by dramatizing the national consciousness.





2. Write a summary of the given passage. Suggest a suitable title.

Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, much to our surprise. Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal and no-verbal. Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are usually rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they dwell and reproduce.

Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailor. Enormous whales groan and grunt while smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly large part of animals’ communication tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive one normally ‘surrender’ to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles.



Communication among animals

Animals make use of various kinds of communicative methods male blackbirds sing to attract female ones and also to keep other blackbirds off their dwellings. Mammals in the oceans like whales ‘sing’ to interact with their mates far away too. Dominating hyenas raise their fur hackles in attempt to exhibit power while submissive ones crouch their heads and ‘smile’ to express respect.

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